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Mideast Attitudes Toward the West
By Jessica Davidson
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Using contemporary social networking sites, Jessica Davidson, Dr. Stephen Bowers, and Elizabeth Garnett of Liberty University have prepared a survey in which respondents indicate why they might dislike or admire Western society and democratic ideals.
Encyclopedia of Jihad
By Alexei Malashenko, Stephen R. Bowers and Valeria Ciobanu
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Once believed to be a relic of history, the notion of Islamic jihad regained a political role in the 1980s. While “great jihad” implies peaceful activity, “small jihad” denotes the use of violence.
There has never been a war in which Christians and Muslims have participated where the latter has not appealed to the slogan of holy war.
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