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Mideast Attitudes Toward the West
By Jessica Davidson
Using contemporary social networking sites, Jessica Davidson, Dr. Stephen Bowers, and Elizabeth Garnett of Liberty University have prepared a survey in which respondents indicate why they might dislike or admire Western society and democratic ideals.
Encyclopedia of Jihad
By Alexei Malashenko, Stephen R. Bowers and Valeria Ciobanu
Once believed to be a relic of history, the notion of Islamic jihad regained a political role in the 1980s. While “great jihad” implies peaceful activity, “small jihad” denotes the use of violence.
There has never been a war in which Christians and Muslims have participated where the latter has not appealed to the slogan of holy war.
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